Engineering drawing book download

Engineering drawing by N D bhutt click here to download

GATE 2021 INFORMATION

Detailed schedule of GATE 2021 examination Click here

GATE 2021 mock test link Click here

GATE 2021 Paper Click here

GATE 2021 important dates Click here

Introduction

Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) is a national examination conducted jointly by Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bangalore and seven Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) at Bombay, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras and Roorkee on behalf of National Coordination Board (NCB)-GATE, Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education (MoE), Government of India. GATE examination is a Computer Based Test (CBT).

Organising Institute for GATE 2021 is Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay.

Qualifying in GATE is a mandatory requirement for seeking admission and/or financial assistance to Postgraduate Programs (Master's and Doctoral) with Ministry of Education (MoE) and other Government Scholarships / Assistantships, subject to the admission criteria of the admitting institute.

The GATE score is also used by some Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) for their recruitment and by several other universities in India and abroad for admissions.

GATE 2021 score will remain valid for THREE YEARS from the date of announcement of results.

About GATE

Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) is basically a national examination on the comprehensive understanding of the candidates in various undergraduate subjects in Engineering / Technology / Architecture and post-graduate level subjects in Arts, Commerce and Science.

GATE 2021 will be conducted for 27 Subjects (also referred to as “papers”).

GATE 2021 examination will be conducted over six days and twelve sessions on Friday 5th, Saturday 6th, Sunday 7th, Friday 12th, Saturday 13th and Sunday 14th of February 2021.

The GATE examination is conducted in different cities across India as well as six cities outside India (In International centres, GATE-2021 will be conducted only if the current COVID-19 situation eases and travel and other restrictions are relaxed. Else GATE-2021 in international centres will be "CANCELLED").

The GATE score would reflect the relative performance level of the candidate in a particular subject, which is quantified based on several years of examination data.

HOW TO CALCULATE AREA FOR SOLAR PANNEL

 We know the required Total Output Power is 1000 Watts (10 panels x 100 Watts), the Solar Irradiance for a surface perpendicular to the Sun’s rays at sea level on a clear day is about 1000 Watt/m2 and the Conversion Efficiency is 18%.  Plugging these number in the above equation we get:

1000 Watts = Total Area x 1000 Watts/m2 x 0.18

or

Total Area = 1/0.18 = 5.56 m2

I you are going to install all the panels in one line you would need a space of approximately 1 m x 5.56 m (each panel having a size of 1 m x 0.556 m) on your rooftop. There you go. You have a rough estimate of the space required by the solar panels of your system.

Note:

1. Do remember that solar panels are usually installed at an angle to the earth surface and this may change the results somewhat.

2. Imagine a solar panel has a conversion efficiency of 100% i.e. it converts all the solar energy into electrical energy then all you would need is a 1 m2 solar panel to produce 1000 Watts of electrical energy.

GATE ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING BOOKS AND PREPARATION MATERIAL

THERE ARE SO MANY PUBLICATION AND AUTHOR PUBLISHING BOOKS ON TOPIC OF GATE ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING BUT FEW ARE HEPFUL , INEXPENSIVE AND BEST IN TERMS OF QUICK WIN.

HERE ARE THE LIST. HERE ARE SOME PREVIEW OF BOOKS-

ARCHITECTS WORK PREVIEW 

GATE ARCHITECTURE NUMERICALS PRIVIEW

GATE NUMERICAL TOPIC WISE PREVIEW

GATE PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE 2016 PAPER AND SOLUTION

 GATE ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 2016 PAPER

GATE ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 2016 SOLUTION

GATE PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE 2017 PAPER AND SOLUTION

 GATE ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 2017 PAPER

GATE ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING SOLUTION

GATE PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE 2018 PAPER AND SOLUTION

 PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE 2018 PAPER

PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE 2018 SOLUTION

GATE 2019 PAPER AND SOLUTION

 PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE PAPER 2019

PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE 2019 ANSWER KEY

ANTONYMS FOR GENERAL COMPETITION

ANTONYMS

Cold                     Hot

Live                     Die 

Lead                     follow 

employ                 dismiss 

Dry                     wet 

Long                     Short 

Land                     water 

liberty                 slavery 

Love                     Hate 

Like                     Dislike 

Bow                     stern 

think                     guess 

Question                 Answer 

Gay                     Grave 

Stationary                 moving 

work                     rest 

Asleep                 Awake 

Rejoice                 Mourn 

Dynamic                 static 

worker                 drone 

Front                     Back 

Pleasant                 Disagreeable 

centrifugal                 centripetal 

familiar                 strange 

Joy                     Sorrow 

Success                 Failure 

oriental                 occidental 

freedom                 captivity 

Begin                     Cease 

Harmony                 Discord 

miser                     spendthrift 

barren                 fruitful 

Find                     Lose 

Blessing                 Curse 

sober                     intoxicated 

sacred                 profane 

Friend                 Enemy 

Generous                 Mean 

spacious                 limited 

virtue                     vice 

Dead                     Alive 

Velour                 Cowardice 

future                     past 

wisdom                 folly 

Busy                     Idle 

Bravery                 Cowardice 

abundance                 scarcity 

polite                     rude 

Sweet                 Sour 

Advance                 Retreat 

common                 rare 

proper                 common 

Bright                     dull 

Arrive                     Depart 

simply                 complex 

Attack                 Defend 

True                     FALSE 

Before                 After 

ally                     enemy 

bashful                 bold 

Start                     Finish 

Appear                 Vanish 

teach                     learn 

inhale                     exhale 

Ugly                     beautiful 

Everywhere                 Nowhere 

natural                 artificial 

expand                 contract 

Near                     far 

Earth                     Sea 

polite                     saucy 

victor                     vanquished 

Kind                     cruel 

Hill                     Valley 

summit                 base 

antecedent                 consequent 

Mountain                 Plain 

apex                     base 

eager                     reluctant 

Ever                     never 

Right                     Left 

cloudy                 clear 

order                     chaos 

Bless                     curse 

Public                     Private 

dawn                     duck 

certain                 doubt 

Adult                     child 

Acute                     Obtuse 

ascend                 descend 

venial                     unpardonable 

North                     south 

Lazy                     Industrious 

vacant                 occupied 

rigid                     flexible

Absent                 present 

Master                 Servant 

hope                     despair 

novice                 veteran 

Poor                     rich 

Arrive                     Depart 

interior                 exterior 

industry                 sloth 

Right                     wrong 

Remember                 Forget 

permanent                 temporary 

accelerate                 retard 

Win                     lose 

Appoint                 Dismiss 

obey                     command 

benevolent                 malevolent 

Peace                     war 

Knowledge                 Ignorance 

negative                 positive 

compulsory                 voluntary 

Rough                 smooth 

Placid                     ruddy 

conceal                 reveal 

analysis                 synthesis 

Coarse                 fine 

Raw                     cooked 

hide                     show 

surplus                 deficit 

Top                     bottom 

Help                     hinder 

singular                 plural 

prosperous                 indigent 

Buy                     sell 

Accept                 refuse 

foreign                 native 

consent                 dissent 

Life                     death 

Robust                 feeble 

smile                     frown 

include                 exclude 

Proud                     humble 

Good                     bad 

multiply                 divide 

transverse                 longitudinal 

Easy                     difficult 

Big                     small 

wax                     wane 

attract                 distract 

Cheap                 dear 

Clever                 stupid 

prosperity                 adversity 

amateur                 professional 

Inside                     outside 

Here                     there 

victory                 defeat 

confine                 release 

Give                     take 

first                     last 

superior                 inferior 

orthodox                 heterodox 

Hit                         miss 

early                     late 

level                     steep 

pure                     adulterated 

Wide                     narrow 

fat                          thin 

liquid                        solid 

lovely                        repulsive 

Loud                          soft 

join                            separate 

pardon                        punish 

graceful                       hideous 

Clean                            dirty 

light                               dark 

complainant                 defendant 

pugnacious                   peaceful 

Weep                             laugh 

Day                               night 

Aptitude test shortcuts

APTITUDE SHORTCUTS ON PROFIT AND LOSS

Now we are going to start the Second Module on Maths Shortcuts in which we discussed about Profit and Loss Shortcuts. Approximately two or three question in every bank exam or in other Government job exam such as SSC CGL exam surly comes from this topic of Profit and Loss. So learn these shortcut tricks to solve the maths problem in just few seconds. Here is the first one Shortcut for Profit and Loss Method.

 

SHORTCUT (1): To find out the selling price in any item in any given question we have to use the following shortcut formula:

Selling Price (sp) = (100 +  (gain/loss)) /100 * Cost Price (CP)

Now by using the above formula we can solve any maths problem related to profit and loss within few second. Lest see some example related to this formula:

 

Example (1): A person bought a bicycle for Rs 250. For how much should he sell it so as to gain 10% profit on it?

Solution: In this problem we have to find out the selling price for which the person will get the 10% profit. So by using the Maths Shortcut (1) we have:

Selling Price (SP) = (100 + 10)/100 * 250

                       = 275 (So selling price should be this one to gain the 10% profit on it)

 

 

Example (2): A shopkeeper purchased a Book for Rs 560. For how much he should sell it so he gets 10% loss on it.

Solution: Again by using the Maths Shortcut (1). But in this we have to find out the selling price so that loss occur so we have to use subtraction as shown below in the solution.

Selling Price = (100 – 10) / 100* 560

                      = 504.

 

 

Percentage Shortcut (2):  If the price of the any product isincreased or decreased by “r%” then there is decrease in the consumption so as not to increase the expenditure:   “ r/100+ r *100”, (We add when there is increase and subtract when there is decrease in percentage).

 

Now we will take four different examples with different problems to make this percentage shortcut concept clear to you. So take a deep look into this and understand it properly.

 

Example 1: Suppose if the price of salt falls down by 10%. Now how much percent (%) must increased by the householder so that its consumption remain same as there is no decrease the expenditure.

Solution: By using percentage shortcut (2):

The increase in consumption= 10/100-10*100

                                                          =11.11% (Increase the Consumption)

 

Example 2: If the employee A’s salary is 25% more than the employee B. Then how much percent (%) the salary of B's is less than that of  salary of employee A.

Solution: Again by using the Percentage Shortcut (2) we have the following:

B's salary is less than that of employee A salary =25/100+25*100

                                                 =20 %(B salary is 20% less than the salary of A)

 

Example 3: Now if the employee A's salary is 30% less than that of B then how much percent is B's salary is more than that of employee A.

Solution:  Employee B's salary is more than that of A= 30/100-30*100

                                      =42 %(Employee B salary is 42% is more than Employee A)

 

Example 4: The price of Diesel is increased by 30%. By how much Diesel a car owner must reduce his consumption in order to maintain the same budget.

Solution: Reduction in consumption of diesel: 30/100+30*100

                                                        = 300/13 %( Reduction in the consumption)

India Valley Civilisation

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

Around 2500 BC.

India valley civilization sometimes referred as a harrapa civilization.

Major river hakra.

Earliest know civilisation in South Asia.

Cities were designed in grid iron pattern, complex drainage and sewage system.

The 1st to cultivate cotton.

Huge cooperative graineries found in the city.

CITY

* Harrapa - one of the major city measuring 3           miles across.

* Mohenjo-Daro- The largest settlement (35000)      people .

                    Mohanjodaro Arial view

* Large public bath are excavated in the city.

TRANSPORTATION 

* Cattle were used as transportation medium to       transport loaded grains and crops.

*  In addition goods such as ivory, wood, animals,      copper, stone exported to other part, persia ,          india, afganistan and mesopotamia.

WRITING/LITERATURE

* Pictographical seal found but not translated yet.

* Accurate consistent of weight and scale for           balance and seal were made of cube of stone.

ART AND CRAFT

*The main creation of india valley artisan are            small seals inscribed with picture of animal and     pictographical character.

* Seal were made from marble and astabestus.

* Seal were used to impression on wet clay as a mark of ownership.

* People used to make a strong vessels and container.

* Jewellery were made from copper , silver, gold, bronze and iron.

* Many dia made were made for a gambling and games.

ARCHITECTURE

* City were made in grid iron pattern.

* Plan with some large public building and small       building.

* Building were made of mud and bricks.

* Wall were sometimes coated with plaster.

* There was a complicated drainage and sewage     system through out the city.

City had two section

1. Religious

2. Government

Which was surrounded by wall

* Government building always being on the higher mound to the west of residential section.

* A huge grainery at the center of City. 

* A public bath tubs 20x40 ft pool made watertight by a double floor with the layer of bitumen between the two layer of bricks .

* House were build in zigzag line possibly to block wind.

* Other houses were large, some with double stories.

* They had no window opening to the street , all opening to the inner courtyard.

* Bath and latrine individually included with water coming from well.

* No decoration on wall in public building.

RELIGION

* The INDUS valley people probably worshipped a fertility goddess.

* Reprented byany small statue found in excavation.

* The dead body were burried in wooden coffin , pottery bowls and jar were placed with coffin with them.

Basic component of building

1.FOUNDATION

A foundation is necessary to evenly distribute the entire building load on the soil in such a manner that no damaging settlements take place. Hence, the foundations need to be constructed on good/solid ground.

2. PLINTH

A plinth is normally constructed just above the ground level and immediately after the foundation. It raises the floor above the ground level and herewith prevents surface water from entering the building.

3. DAMP PROOF COURSE (DPC)

Damp proof course is a layer of water proofing material such as asphalt or waterproof cement. Walls are constructed above the damp proof course.

Damp proof course prevents surface water from rising into the walls.

Dampness reduces the strength of the walls and creates unhealthy living conditions. Also it affects the paint and plaster and increasing the cost of maintenance.

Damp proofing layer is not required where a plinth beam is constructed, because the plinth beam already performs like a DPC.

4. PLINTH BEAM

A plinth beam is constructed depending upon the type of the structure of the building and nature of the soil. It provides additional stability in regard to settlements of the building and earthquake damages.

5. FLOOR

This is the surface on which we do most of our activities. Floorings is laid over the filling of the plinth and on subsequent floors.

Flooring can be done with different materials, but care must be given that the ground below the floor is well compacted. Flooring is done to prevent dampness from rising to the top and to have a firm platform that can be kept hygienic and clean.

6. WALLS

Walls are the vertical elements on which the roof finally rests. They can be made of different materials like bricks, stones, mud, concrete blocks, lateritic blocks etc. If the walls are very long, columns can be provided to carry the roof.

Walls provide privacy and enclosure. Walls also provide security and protection against natural elements such as wind, rain and sunshine.

Openings are to be provided in wall for access and ventilation.

7. OPENINGS

Openings are normally provided in the walls as door, windows and ventilators.

Doors provide access; windows and ventilators provide light and ventilation.

Lintels are constructed just above the openings. It is normally a stone slab or a concrete slab.

Sill is the part of the wall that is just below the window.

Lintels are constructed to hold up the walls above the openings. In earthquake prone areas a continuous lintel beam is provided all over the walls.

8. STAIRS

A stair is a sequence of steps and it is provided to afford the means of ascent and descent between the floors and landings.

The apartment or room of a building in which stair is located is called staircase. The space or opening occupied by the stair is called a stairway.

There are different kind of stairs are used in buildings, like RCC stair, wooden stair, metal stair, brick stair etc.

Slabless staircase

9. ROOF

The roof provides protection for the building and the people living in it. The roof rests on the walls and requires proper anchoring so that wind and other mechanical impact cannot destroy it. A roof can have different shapes but it is always either flat or sloping.

Roof is typically made of RCC, stone slab, tiles etc.

10. SURFACES / FINISHES

External finishes are the outer most layer of protection, which protect the structure from weathering. Internal finishes are the layers given on internal faces. They give durability and pleasing appearance to the inside.

11.